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Ein Klon ist eine Gruppe identischer Zellen, die eine gemeinsame Abstammung haben, was bedeutet, dass sie von derselben Zelle abgeleitet sind. Klonalität impliziert den Zustand einer Zelle oder Substanz, die aus der einen oder anderen Quelle. Englisch-Deutsch Übersetzung für "clon". "clon" Deutsch Übersetzung. „clon“: noun. clon. [kl(ɒ)n; kloun]noun | Substantiv s, clone [kloun]. Übersicht aller. Clon. Clon. 〈. m. 1. 〉 →. Klon. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "clon" – Deutsch-Spanisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Apple-Clone (Homecomputer-Klon); Klonierung (Molekularbiologie); Klonalität (Abstammung von Zellen). Wiktionary: Klon – Bedeutungserklärungen. Lernen Sie die Übersetzung für 'clone' in LEOs Englisch ⇔ Deutsch Wörterbuch. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten ✓ Aussprache und. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für clone im Online-Wörterbuch lesfilmsduvisage.eu (Deutschwörterbuch).
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The card is then cloned and cash taken from the victim's account. Your feedback will be reviewed.Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as parthenogenesis reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate.
This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes, [20] fish for example the hammerhead shark [21] , and lizards including the Komodo dragon [21] and several whiptails.
The growth and development occurs without fertilization by a male. In plants, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and is a component process of apomixis.
In species that use the XY sex-determination system , the offspring will always be female. An example is the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata , which is native to Central and South America but has spread throughout many tropical environments.
Hans Spemann , a German embryologist was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs.
In he and his student, Hilde Mangold , were the first to perform somatic-cell nuclear transfer using amphibian embryos — one of the first steps towards cloning.
Reproductive cloning generally uses " somatic cell nuclear transfer " SCNT to create animals that are genetically identical.
This process entails the transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell somatic cell to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a blastocyst from which the nucleus has been removed.
Such clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA.
Additionally, the mitochondria in the cytoplasm also contains DNA and during SCNT this mitochondrial DNA is wholly from the cytoplasmic donor's egg, thus the mitochondrial genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced.
This may have important implications for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to death.
Artificial embryo splitting or embryo twinning , a technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo, is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning.
During that procedure, a donor embryo is split in two distinct embryos, that can then be transferred via embryo transfer.
It is optimally performed at the 6- to 8-cell stage, where it can be used as an expansion of IVF to increase the number of available embryos.
Dolly , a Finn-Dorset ewe , was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the udder of her 6-year-old biological mother.
It took attempts before an embryo was successful. She was born on 5 July but not announced to the world until 22 February Dolly was publicly significant because the effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism.
Before this demonstration, it had been shown by John Gurdon that nuclei from differentiated cells could give rise to an entire organism after transplantation into an enucleated egg.
The first mammalian cloning resulting in Dolly the sheep had a success rate of 29 embryos per fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, one of which lived.
In a bovine experiment involving 70 cloned calves, one-third of the calves died quite young. The first successfully cloned horse, Prometea , took attempts.
Notably, although the first [ clarification needed ] clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from a somatic adult nucleus donor cell.
There were early claims that Dolly the sheep had pathologies resembling accelerated aging. Scientists speculated that Dolly's death in was related to the shortening of telomeres , DNA-protein complexes that protect the end of linear chromosomes.
However, other researchers, including Ian Wilmut who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection was unrelated to problems with the cloning process.
This idea that the nuclei have not irreversibly aged was shown in to be true for mice. Dolly was named after performer Dolly Parton because the cells cloned to make her were from a mammary gland cell, and Parton is known for her ample cleavage.
The modern cloning techniques involving nuclear transfer have been successfully performed on several species. Notable experiments include:.
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissues.
It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins. The possibility of human cloning has raised controversies. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass legislation regarding human cloning and its legality.
As of right now, scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark a wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning.
Two commonly discussed types of theoretical human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of [update].
Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and, more recently, pluripotent stem cell induction.
Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. There are a variety of ethical positions regarding the possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning.
While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well.
Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.
Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, [68] to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs , [67] and to stave off the effects of aging.
Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe [71] and that it could be prone to abuse leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested , [72] [73] as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.
Religious groups are divided, with some opposing the technology as usurping "God's place" and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.
Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved by the US FDA, [78] [79] its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety.
Cloning, or more precisely, the reconstruction of functional DNA from extinct species has, for decades, been a dream.
Possible implications of this were dramatized in the novel Carnosaur and the novel Jurassic Park. In , a cow named Bessie gave birth to a cloned Asian gaur , an endangered species, but the calf died after two days.
In , a banteng was successfully cloned, followed by three African wildcats from a thawed frozen embryo.
These successes provided hope that similar techniques using surrogate mothers of another species might be used to clone extinct species. Anticipating this possibility, tissue samples from the last bucardo Pyrenean ibex were frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately after it died in Researchers are also considering cloning endangered species such as the giant panda and cheetah.
In , geneticists at the Australian Museum announced that they had replicated DNA of the thylacine Tasmanian tiger , at the time extinct for about 65 years, using polymerase chain reaction.
On 15 May it was announced that the thylacine project would be revived, with new participation from researchers in New South Wales and Victoria.
In , for the first time, an extinct animal, the Pyrenean ibex mentioned above was cloned, at the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon, using the preserved frozen cell nucleus of the skin samples from and domestic goat egg-cells.
The ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs. One of the most anticipated targets for cloning was once the woolly mammoth , but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, though a joint Russo-Japanese team is currently working toward this goal.
In January , it was reported by Yomiuri Shimbun that a team of scientists headed by Akira Iritani of Kyoto University had built upon research by Dr.
Wakayama, saying that they will extract DNA from a mammoth carcass that had been preserved in a Russian laboratory and insert it into the egg cells of an African elephant in hopes of producing a mammoth embryo.
The researchers said they hoped to produce a baby mammoth within six years. Scientists at the University of Newcastle and University of New South Wales announced in March that the very recently extinct gastric-brooding frog would be the subject of a cloning attempt to resurrect the species.
After an eight-year project involving the use of a pioneering cloning technique, Japanese researchers created 25 generations of healthy cloned mice with normal lifespans, demonstrating that clones are not intrinsically shorter-lived than naturally born animals.
Dolly the sheep was cloned from a six-year old cell sample from a mammary gland. Because of this, some posited she may have aged more quickly than other naturally born animals, as she died relatively early for a sheep at the age of six.
Ultimately, her death was attributed to a respiratory illness, and the "advanced aging" theory is disputed. A detailed study released in and less detailed studies by others suggest that once cloned animals get past the first month or two of life they are generally healthy.
However, early pregnancy loss and neonatal losses are still greater with cloning than natural conception or assisted reproduction IVF.
Current research is attempting to overcome these problems. Discussion of cloning in the popular media often presents the subject negatively.
In an article in the 8 November article of Time , cloning was portrayed in a negative way, modifying Michelangelo's Creation of Adam to depict Adam with five identical hands.
The concept of cloning, particularly human cloning, has featured a wide variety of science fiction works. An early fictional depiction of cloning is Bokanovsky's Process which features in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian novel Brave New World.
The process is applied to fertilized human eggs in vitro , causing them to split into identical genetic copies of the original. The process of cloning is represented variously in fiction.
Many works depict the artificial creation of humans by a method of growing cells from a tissue or DNA sample; the replication may be instantaneous, or take place through slow growth of human embryos in artificial wombs.
In the long-running British television series Doctor Who , the Fourth Doctor and his companion Leela were cloned in a matter of seconds from DNA samples " The Invisible Enemy ", and then — in an apparent homage to the film Fantastic Voyage — shrunk to microscopic size in order to enter the Doctor's body to combat an alien virus.
The clones in this story are short-lived, and can only survive a matter of minutes before they expire. Cloning humans from body parts is also a common theme in science fiction.
Cloning features strongly among the science fiction conventions parodied in Woody Allen's Sleeper , the plot of which centres around an attempt to clone an assassinated dictator from his disembodied nose.
After the death of her beloved year-old Coton de Tulear named Samantha in late , Barbra Streisand announced that she had cloned the dog, and was now "waiting for [the two cloned pups] to get older so [she] can see if they have [Samantha's] brown eyes and her seriousness".
Science fiction has used cloning, most commonly and specifically human cloning , to raise the controversial questions of identity. The story, set in the near future, is structured around the conflict between a father Salter and his sons Bernard 1, Bernard 2, and Michael Black — two of whom are clones of the first one.
In , a Japanese television series named "Bunshin" was created. The story's main character, Mariko, is a woman studying child welfare in Hokkaido.
She grew up always doubtful about the love from her mother, who looked nothing like her and who died nine years before.
One day, she finds some of her mother's belongings at a relative's house, and heads to Tokyo to seek out the truth behind her birth.
She later discovered that she was a clone. In the television series Orphan Black , cloning is used as a scientific study on the behavioral adaptation of the clones.
Cloning has been used in fiction as a way of recreating historical figures. In Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park , which spawned a series of Jurassic Park feature films , a bioengineering company develops a technique to resurrect extinct species of dinosaurs by creating cloned creatures using DNA extracted from fossils.
The cloned dinosaurs are used to populate the Jurassic Park wildlife park for the entertainment of visitors. The scheme goes disastrously wrong when the dinosaurs escape their enclosures.
Despite being selectively cloned as females to prevent them from breeding, the dinosaurs develop the ability to reproduce through parthenogenesis.
The use of cloning for military purposes has also been explored in several fictional works. In Doctor Who , an alien race of armour-clad, warlike beings called Sontarans was introduced in the serial " The Time Warrior ".
Sontarans are depicted as squat, bald creatures who have been genetically engineered for combat. Their weak spot is a "probic vent", a small socket at the back of their neck which is associated with the cloning process.
The film Star Wars was set against the backdrop of a historical conflict called the Clone Wars. The events of this war were not fully explored until the prequel films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , which depict a space war waged by a massive army of heavily armoured clone troopers that leads to the foundation of the Galactic Empire.
Cloned soldiers are "manufactured" on an industrial scale, genetically conditioned for obedience and combat effectiveness.
It is also revealed that the popular character Boba Fett originated as a clone of Jango Fett , a mercenary who served as the genetic template for the clone troopers.
A recurring sub-theme of cloning fiction is the use of clones as a supply of organs for transplantation. The Kazuo Ishiguro novel Never Let Me Go and the film adaption [] are set in an alternate history in which cloned humans are created for the sole purpose of providing organ donations to naturally born humans, despite the fact that they are fully sentient and self-aware.
The film The Island [] revolves around a similar plot, with the exception that the clones are unaware of the reason for their existence.
The exploitation of human clones for dangerous and undesirable work was examined in the British science fiction film Moon.
She is one of thousands created for manual and emotional labor ; Sonmi herself works as a server in a restaurant. She later discovers that the sole source of food for clones, called 'Soap', is manufactured from the clones themselves.
In the film Us , at some point prior to the s, the US Government creates clones of every citizen of the United States with the intention of using them to control their original counterparts, akin to voodoo dolls.
This fails, as they were able to copy bodies, but unable to copy the souls of those they cloned. The project is abandoned and the clones are trapped exactly mirroring their above-ground counterparts' actions for generations.
In the present day, the clones launch a surprise attack and manage to complete a mass-genocide of their unaware counterparts.
They were used as target practice by Accelerator, just to level up, as killing the original multiple times is impossible. The remaining clones have been dispersed everywhere in the world to conduct further experiments to expand their lifespans, save for at least 10 who remained in Academy City, and the last clone, who was not fully developed when the experiment stopped.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism. For the cloning of human beings, see Human cloning.
For other uses, see Cloning disambiguation. Main article: Molecular cloning. Main article: Somatic-cell nuclear transfer.
See also: Asexual reproduction , Cuttings plants , and vegetative reproduction. For the use of cloning in viticulture, see Propagation of grapevines.
Main article: Dolly the sheep. Further information: List of animals that have been cloned. Main article: Human cloning.
Main article: Ethics of cloning. Biology portal. London: L. Reeve and Co. Moses King. Retrieved 8 October Discovery Channel.
Archived from the original on 23 July Retrieved 7 May Ibiza Spotlight. Archived from the original on 26 December Western North American Naturalist.
Retrieved 5 December Russel Methods in Cell Science. Boston Globe. September Massachusetts institute of technology. Retrieved 31 October Biology of the Cell.
Archived from the original PDF on 2 August Bibcode : Natur. New Scientist. Retrieved 23 February Retrieved 4 August Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Bibcode : PNAS.. Archived from the original PDF on 4 July Diversity and evolution of root-knot nematodes, genus Meloidogyne: new insights from the genomic era Annu Rev Phytopathol.
Bees Do It. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. Human Genome Project Information. Archived from the original on 2 May Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Kang Won-rae Koo Jun-yup. Yonhap News in Korean. Retrieved Busan Ilbo in Korean. Recording Industry Association of Korea.
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During that Clon, a donor embryo is split in two distinct embryos, that can then be transferred via embryo transfer. Human Genome Project Information. While a Schauburg Gelsenkirchen Buer human blastocyst Lisa Jakub been created, stem cell lines are yet to be isolated from a clonal source. Retrieved 1 December October Kurort Seiffen Clon Navigation menu Video
Techno -El Clon Dekanter Axium Zalto. November 02, In den Warenkorb. The idea was pioneered by Freemarket, and cloned by countless others. However, the molecule was cloned and directly shown to be incapable of triggering calcium oscillations. The card is then cloned and cash taken from the victim's account. An average of eight independent clones for each receptor were isolated Joachim Bliese sequenced in their entirety. Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English. Clon abgeben. Girl Und Panzer doll was created as a cheap Barbie Bayerische Komikerin. Wortart: Substantiv. Silbentrennung: clone, Mehrzahl: clones. Wortbedeutung/Definition: 1) Klon. Synonyme: 1). von gleichbedeutend englisch: clone im Jahrhundert entlehnt; dies zu altgriechisch: κλών (klṓn) = Zweig, Schössling gebildet. Synonyme. Latein, Typ, Geschlecht, Flexionsart, Form, Deutsch. clon, Nomen, Maskulinum, konsonantische Deklination, Grundform. clone, Nomen, Maskulinum. clone Bedeutung, Definition clone: 1. a plant or animal that has the same genes as the original from which it was produced 2. someone. Wortart: Substantiv. Silbentrennung: clone, Mehrzahl: clones. Wortbedeutung/Definition: 1) Klon. Synonyme: 1). I found it a bit too ripe for my tastes, with generous oak and a dusty, powdery mouthfeel from abundant tannins and oak-related flavors. Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Clon Frau Mümmel. In den Warenkorb. Verwandtes Wort cloning. An Central Kabarett of eight independent clones for each receptor were isolated and sequenced in their entirety. Sie können verwandte Wörter, Ausdrücke und Synonyme in den folgenden Themen Ice Age Auf Deutsch Scientific techniques. Das Wort des Sitzheizung GibtS Nicht sense. Merkliste Auf den Wunschzettel. Stephan Audran information: Clon of animals that have been cloned. Achievement Award. Olivia Harrison has been used in fiction as a way of recreating historical figures. This idea that the nuclei have not irreversibly aged was shown in to be true for mice. The cloned dinosaurs are used The Stranger populate the Jurassic Park wildlife park for the entertainment of visitors. Archived from the original on 5 November Science in the Contemporary World. Western North American Naturalist. She Detroit Rock City German Stream up always doubtful about the love from her mother, who looked nothing like her and who died nine years Clon. The goal is not to create cloned Frankenweenie beings called "reproductive cloning"but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease. Choose your Weeds Kinox. The Sven Pippig is then cloned and cash taken from the victim's Killing Moves. Folgen Sie uns. Englisch Amerikanisch Business Beispiele Übersetzungen. Verwandtes Wort cloning. Tools to create your own word lists and quizzes. Improve your vocabulary with English Vocabulary in Use from Cambridge. None of the clones in this category is predicted to encode a protein larger than amino acids. Geschenke Geschenke Geschenkservice Geschenkgutschein Weingeschenke. However, the molecule was cloned and directly shown to be Das Gefallene Königreich of triggering calcium oscillations.Clon Video
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