Many translated example sentences containing "gunpowder" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Worttrennung: gun·pow·der, Plural: gun·pow·ders. Aussprache: IPA: [ ] Hörbeispiele: —. Bedeutungen: [1] Schießpulver: [2] kurz für: gunpowder tea. Synonyme. Entdecken Sie Gunpowder [2 DVDs] und weitere TV-Serien auf DVD- & Blu-ray in unserem vielfältigen Angebot. Gratis Lieferung möglich.

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Im England des Jahres werden Katholiken unter der Schreckensherrschaft des protestantischen Königs James I. verfolgt. Das Ausleben des katholischen Glauben steht unter Todesstrafe verboten. Trotzdem suchen junge Jesuiten nach einem Priester. Gunpowder ist eine britische Miniserie, zu deren ausführenden Produzenten Kit Harington gehört. Sie basiert auf dem Gunpowder Plot, dem Plan von. Der Gunpowder Plot (deutsch: Pulververschwörung, seinerzeit als powder treason, „Pulververrat“, bekannt) war ein Versuch britischer Katholiken, während der. gunpowder. Worttrennung: gun pow·der, Plural: gun pow·ders. Aussprache: IPA: [​ ] Hörbeispiele: —. Bedeutungen: [1] Schießpulver, Schwarzpulver. Herkunft. Worttrennung: gun·pow·der, Plural: gun·pow·ders. Aussprache: IPA: [ ] Hörbeispiele: —. Bedeutungen: [1] Schießpulver: [2] kurz für: gunpowder tea. Synonyme. Gunpowder. Staffel 1. () Im Jahr hallen die religiösen-​politischen Unruhen in England weiter nach. Seit Heinrich VIII. die anglikanische Kirche. Das Pufferchen, a pocket - pistol Gun - powder, is very frequently known or small gun. Only by the name of Pulver fimply. Puls Puffig, adj. and adv. puffed​.

gunpowder. Worttrennung: gun pow·der, Plural: gun pow·ders. Aussprache: IPA: [​ ] Hörbeispiele: —. Bedeutungen: [1] Schießpulver, Schwarzpulver. Herkunft. Many translated example sentences containing "gunpowder" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. Entdecken Sie Gunpowder [2 DVDs] und weitere TV-Serien auf DVD- & Blu-ray in unserem vielfältigen Angebot. Gratis Lieferung möglich.

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At least on one occasion the musket and arquebus have been used interchangeably to refer to the same weapon, [] and even referred to as an "arquebus musket.

The dating of the matchlock firing mechanism's first appearance is disputed. The first references to the use of what may have been arquebuses tüfek by the Janissary corps of the Ottoman army date them from to The matchlock arquebus was the first firearm equipped with a trigger mechanism.

Matchlock became a common term for the arquebus after it was added to the firearm. Prior to the appearance of the matchlock, handguns were fired from the chest, tucked under one arm, while the other arm maneuvered a hot pricker to the touch hole to ignite the gunpowder.

The lock mechanism held within a clamp a two to three feet long length of smoldering rope soaked in saltpeter, which was the match.

While matchlocks provided a crucial advantage by allowing the user to aim the firearm using both hands, it was also awkward to utilize.

In some instances the match would also go out, so both ends of the match were kept lit. This proved cumbersome to maneuver as both hands were required to hold the match during removal, one end in each hand.

The procedure was so complex that a drill manual published by Jacob de Gheyn in the Netherlands listed 28 steps just to fire and load the gun.

Two pour the powder. Three tamp the powder down. Four drop the pellet. Five drive the pellet down. Six put in paper stopper.

Seven drive the paper down. Eight open the flashpan cover. Nine pour in the flash powder. Ten close the flashpan, and clamp the fuse.

Eleven, listen for the signal, then open the flashpan cover. Aiming at the enemy, raise your gun and fire. The arquebus is considered to be the first portable "shoulder" arms firearm.

Likewise, the Castilians used arquebuses as well in When faced with cannons and arquebuses wielded by the Ottomans they criticized them thus, "God curse the man who invented them, and God curse the man who fires on Muslims with them.

However, in an Ottoman army of 12, soldiers wielding arquebuses still managed to rout a much larger Mamluk force. While a bow potentially took years to master, an effective arquebusier could be trained in just two weeks.

In the early s a larger arquebus known as the musket appeared. The heavy musket, while being rather awkward to handle, requiring a fork rest to fire properly, had the advantage of being able to penetrate the best armor within a range of meters, regular armor at meters, and an unarmed man at meters.

However, both the musket and arquebus were effectively limited to a range of only 90 to meters regardless of armor since they were incredibly inaccurate.

The average Mamluk archer for example was capable of hitting targets only 68 meters far away but could keep up a pace of six to eight shots per minute.

In comparison, sixteenth-century matchlocks fired off one shot every several minutes, and much less when taking into consideration misfires and malfunctions which occurred up to half the time.

This is not to say that firearms of the 16th century were inferior to the bow and arrow, for it could better penetrate armor and required less training, but the disadvantages of the musket were very real, and it would not be until the s that archers were for the most part phased out of European warfare.

As the virtues of the musket became apparent it was quickly adopted throughout Eurasia so that by even in China generals were giving praise to the new weapon.

Qi Jiguang, a noted partisan of the musket, gave a eulogy on the effectiveness of the gun in It is unlike any other of the many types of fire weapons.

In strength it can pierce armor. In accuracy it can strike the center of targets, even to the point of hitting the eye of a coin [i.

The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber.

Hogdson applied the term "gunpowder empire" to three Islamic political entities he identified as separate from the unstable, geographically limited confederations of Turkic clans that prevailed in post-Mongol times.

He called them "military patronage states of the Later Middle Period," which possessed three defining characteristics: first, a legitimization of independent dynastic law; second, the conception of the whole state as a single military force; third, the attempt to explain all economic and high cultural resources as appanages of the chief military families.

William H. McNeill further expanded on the concept of gunpowder empires by arguing that such states "were able to monopolize the new artillery, central authorities were able to unite larger territories into new, or newly consolidated, empires.

In Douglas E. Streusand criticized the Hodgson-McNeill Gunpowder-Empire hypothesis, calling it into disfavor as a neither "adequate [n]or accurate" explanation, although the term remains in use.

Moreover, it seems that the commitment to military autocratic rule pre-dated the acquisition of gunpowder weapons in all three cases.

Whether or not gunpowder was inherently linked to the existence of any of these three empires, it cannot be questioned that each of the three acquired artillery and firearms early in their history and made such weapons an integral part of their military tactics.

It's not certain when the Ottomans started using firearms, however it's argued that they had been using cannons since the Battles of Kosovo and Nukap and most certainly by the s.

In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut and Diu Fathullah Shirazi c. Shirazi's rapid-firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder.

Mysorean rockets were an Indian military weapon , the first iron -cased rockets successfully deployed for military use. The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe.

They had bam-boo rods, a rocket-body lashed to the rod, and iron points. They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse, but the trajectory was rather erratic.

Timurid cannons at the First Battle of Panipat , Babur 's army using cannons bottom at the Battle of Khanwa , Akbar 's cannons at the Siege of Ranthambore Both Mughal and Mewar troops using firearms at the Siege of Chittorgarh — Gunpowder was used for hydraulic engineering in China by Gunpowder blasting followed by dredging of the detritus was a technique which Chen Mu employed to improve the Grand Canal at the waterway where it crossed the Yellow River.

Before gunpowder was applied to civil engineering, there were two ways to break up large rocks, by hard labor or by heating with large fires followed by rapid quenching.

The earliest record for the use of gunpowder in mines comes from Hungary in Black powder was also extensively used in railway construction.

At first railways followed the contours of the land, or crossed low ground by means of bridges and viaducts , but later railways made extensive use of cuttings and tunnels.

One ft stretch of the 5. During the American Revolutionary War, a number of caves were mined for saltpeter to make gunpowder when supplies from Europe were embargoed.

Abigail Adams , reputedly also made gunpowder at her family farm in Massachusetts. The New York Committee of Safety American Revolution produced some essays on making gunpowder that were printed in During the American Civil War , British India was the main source for saltpeter for the manufacture of gunpowder for the Union armies.

The British government responded in part by halting all exports of saltpeter to the United States, threatening their gunpowder manufacturing resources.

Shortly thereafter, the situation was resolved and the Confederate diplomats were released. The Union Navy blockaded the southern Confederate States , which reduced the amount of gunpowder that could be imported from overseas.

The Confederate Nitre and Mining Bureau was formed to produce gunpowder for the army and the navy from domestic resources.

Nitre [] is the English spelling of " Niter ". While carbon and sulfur were readily available throughout the south, potassium nitrate was often produced from the Calcium nitrate found in cave dirt, tobacco barn floors and barn stalls other places.

A number of caves were mined, and the men and boys who worked in the caves were called " peter monkey ", somewhat in imitation of the naval term " powder monkey " that was used for the boys who brought up charges of gunpowder on gunboats.

On 13 November , the Confederate government advertised in the Charleston Daily Courier for 20 or 30 "able bodied Negro men" to work in the new nitre beds at Ashley Ferry, S.

The nitre beds were large rectangles of rotted manure and straw, moistened weekly with urine, "dung water", and liquid from privies, cesspools and drains, and turned over regularly.

The process was designed to yield saltpeter, an ingredient of gunpowder, which the Confederate army needed during the Civil War. The South was so desperate for saltpeter for gunpowder that one Alabama official reportedly placed a newspaper ad asking that the contents of chamber pots be saved for collection.

In the winter of , scores of enslaved people were set to work extracting it from a huge cave in Barstow County, Ga.

The latter half of the 19th century saw the invention of nitroglycerin , nitrocellulose and smokeless powders which soon replaced traditional gunpowder in most civil and military applications.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Further information: Timeline of the Gunpowder Age. Further information: Science and technology of the Song dynasty.

Further information: Fire arrow. Main article: Hand cannon. Main article: Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. Main article: Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty.

Main articles: Mongol invasion of Europe and Mongol invasions of Japan. Main article: Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission. See also: Great Turkish Bombard.

Further information: Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages. Reconstruction of an arrow-firing cannon that appears in a manuscript.

Further information: Tanegashima Japanese matchlock. Further information: Early Modern warfare. Main article: Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty.

Further information: Huolongjing and Wubei Zhi. Main article: History of artillery. Further information: Culverin and Italian Wars.

Further information: Star fort and Bastion. Two 15th-century culverins, one of forged iron, the other of cast bronze.

Further information: Arquebus , Musket , and Matchlock. Jaivana Cannon , Retrieved 14 October Retrieved 30 October At the campaign of Yuchang, he ordered his troops to propel the "flying fire" on the besieged city, after the city-gate of Longsha was burnt, he led his troops dashed over the fire and entered the city, his body was scorched, as the result he was promoted as the Prime Minister of Inspectorate.

Records of Nine Kingdoms ch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Charles Le Blanc, Susan Blader ed.

Chinese ideas about nature and society: studies in honour of Derk Bodde. Hong Kong University Press.

Retrieved 28 November The other was the 'flame-spouting lance' t'u huo ch'iang. A bamboo tube of large diameter was used as the barrel t'ung , Angus McBride ed.

The Mongols illustrated, reprint ed. Osprey Publishing. In Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' huo ch' iang : gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of yards.

It is also interesting to note the Mongol use of suffocating fumes produced by burning reeds at the battle of Liegnitz in University of Pennsylvania Press.

In Chinese technicians produced a 'fire-lance' huo ch'iang : gunpowder was exploded in a bamboo tube to discharge a cluster of pellets at a distance of yards.

We are getting close to a barrel-gun. Jengis Khan's successor, Ogdai Khan, continued his dazzling conquests.

The Mongols brought with them a Chinese invention, gunpowder, at that time totally unknown to Europe. Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. The Meng Wu Er Shih Chi states, for instance, that the Mongols attacked with the p'ao for five days before taking the city of Strigonie to which many Hungarians had fled: "On the sixth day the city was taken.

The powerful soldiers threw the Huo Kuan Vets fire-pot and rushed into the city, crying and shouting. King Bela escaped, though 70, Hungarians died in the massacre that resulted — a slaughter that extended over several days of the retreat from Mohi.

The Mongol Invasions of Japan and Retrieved 6 September The first use of a metal tube in this context was made around in the wars between the Song and the Mongols, where a new term, chong, was invented to describe the new horror Like paper, it reached the West via the Muslims, in this case the writings of the Andalusian botanist Ibn al-Baytar, who died in Damascus in The Arabic term for saltpetre is 'Chinese snow' while the Persian usage is 'Chinese salt'.

Artillery: its origin, heyday, and decline. Archon Books. The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder.

They called it Chinese Snow and employed it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets. English artillery, — being the history of artillery in this country prior to the formation of the Royal Regiment of Artillery.

Royal Artillery Institution. Clubs to cannon: warfare and weapons before the introduction of gunpowder reprint ed. They called it Chinese snow and used it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.

Ahmad Y. Archived from the original on 26 February Retrieved 8 June Warfare in Early Modern Europe — Ulrich Bretscher's Black Powder Page.

Archived from the original on 11 September Retrieved 17 October History of Yuan. The China Review. Arts Asiatiques.

Bradbury and Evans. South Vietnamese Notes. Guangju Book Office. Interaction with the outside world and adaptation in Southeast Asian society — In The Cambridge history of southeast Asia.

Nicholas Tarling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, — The History of Java [Repr. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

Pauly Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing group. Vestige of Scientific work in Korea.

Seoul National University. Retrieved 27 July Korean Broadcasting System. Open Publishing. Retrieved 15 November National Institute of Korean History.

Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War — Retrieved 21 May Retrieved 19 December Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History.

The current standard composition for the black powders that are manufactured by pyrotechnicians was adopted as long ago as After manufacturing grains from press-cake in the usual way, his process tumbled the powder with graphite dust for 12 hours.

This formed a graphite coating on each grain that reduced its ability to absorb moisture. Neither the use of graphite nor sodium nitrate was new.

Another suggestion is that it was William Lobb , the planthunter, who recognised the possibilities of sodium nitrate during his travels in South America.

Lammot du Pont would have known about the use of graphite and probably also knew about the plants in south-west England. In his patent he was careful to state that his claim was for the combination of graphite with sodium nitrate-based powder, rather than for either of the two individual technologies.

Powder used for rocketry can use a slower burn rate since it accelerates the projectile for a much longer time—whereas powders for weapons such as flintlocks, cap-locks, or matchlocks need a higher burn rate to accelerate the projectile in a much shorter distance.

Cannons usually used lower burn-rate powders, because most would burst with higher burn-rate powders. In the First Opium war, the mixture for Qing China gunpowder contained a high ratio of charcoal which gave it a high stability and longer shelf life but generated less kinetic energy when ignited, decreasing the range and accuracy.

In comparison, the mixture for British gunpowder contained a higher ratio of sulfur, allowing the powder to burn faster and thus generate more kinetic energy.

Besides black powder, there are other historically important types of gunpowder. Prismatic Brown Powder is a large-grained product the Rottweil Company introduced in in Germany, which was adopted by the British Royal Navy shortly thereafter.

The French navy adopted a fine, 3. These brown powders reduced burning rate even further by using as little as 2 percent sulfur and using charcoal made from rye straw that had not been completely charred, hence the brown color.

Lesmok powder was a product developed by DuPont in , [] one of several semi-smokeless products in the industry containing a mixture of black and nitrocellulose powder.

It was sold to Winchester and others primarily for. Its advantage was that it was believed at the time to be less corrosive than smokeless powders then in use.

It was not understood in the U. The bulkier black powder fouling better disperses primer residue. Failure to mitigate primer corrosion by dispersion caused the false impression that nitrocellulose-based powder caused corrosion.

The development of smokeless powders, such as cordite, in the late 19th century created the need for a spark-sensitive priming charge , such as gunpowder.

However, the sulfur content of traditional gunpowders caused corrosion problems with Cordite Mk I and this led to the introduction of a range of sulfur-free gunpowders, of varying grain sizes.

Sulfur's main role in gunpowder is to decrease the ignition temperature. A sample reaction for sulfur-free gunpowder would be:.

The original dry-compounded powder used in 15th-century Europe was known as "Serpentine", either a reference to Satan [29] or to a common artillery piece that used it.

Vibration during transportation could cause the components to separate again, requiring remixing in the field. Also if the quality of the saltpeter was low for instance if it was contaminated with highly hygroscopic calcium nitrate , or if the powder was simply old due to the mildly hygroscopic nature of potassium nitrate , in humid weather it would need to be re-dried.

The dust from "repairing" powder in the field was a major hazard. Loading cannons or bombards before the powder-making advances of the Renaissance was a skilled art.

Fine powder loaded haphazardly or too tightly would burn incompletely or too slowly. Typically, the breech-loading powder chamber in the rear of the piece was filled only about half full, the serpentine powder neither too compressed nor too loose, a wooden bung pounded in to seal the chamber from the barrel when assembled, and the projectile placed on.

A carefully determined empty space was necessary for the charge to burn effectively. When the cannon was fired through the touchhole, turbulence from the initial surface combustion caused the rest of the powder to be rapidly exposed to the flame.

The advent of much more powerful and easy to use corned powder changed this procedure, but serpentine was used with older guns into the 17th century.

For propellants to oxidize and burn rapidly and effectively, the combustible ingredients must be reduced to the smallest possible particle sizes, and be as thoroughly mixed as possible.

Once mixed, however, for better results in a gun, makers discovered that the final product should be in the form of individual dense grains that spread the fire quickly from grain to grain, much as straw or twigs catch fire more quickly than a pile of sawdust.

In late 14th century Europe and China, [] gunpowder was improved by wet grinding; liquid, such as distilled spirits [50] was added during the grinding-together of the ingredients and the moist paste dried afterwards.

The principle of wet mixing to prevent the separation of dry ingredients, invented for gunpowder, is used today in the pharmaceutical industry.

The balls were then crushed in a mortar by the gunner immediately before use, with the old problem of uneven particle size and packing causing unpredictable results.

If the right size particles were chosen, however, the result was a great improvement in power. Forming the damp paste into corn -sized clumps by hand or with the use of a sieve instead of larger balls produced a product after drying that loaded much better, as each tiny piece provided its own surrounding air space that allowed much more rapid combustion than a fine powder.

An example is cited where 34 pounds of serpentine was needed to shoot a pound ball, but only 18 pounds of corned powder.

Because the dry powdered ingredients must be mixed and bonded together for extrusion and cut into grains to maintain the blend, size reduction and mixing is done while the ingredients are damp, usually with water.

After , instead of forming grains by hand or with sieves, the damp mill-cake was pressed in molds to increase its density and extract the liquid, forming press-cake.

The pressing took varying amounts of time, depending on conditions such as atmospheric humidity. The hard, dense product was broken again into tiny pieces, which were separated with sieves to produce a uniform product for each purpose: coarse powders for cannons, finer grained powders for muskets, and the finest for small hand guns and priming.

Modern corning first compresses the fine black powder meal into blocks with a fixed density 1. By the late 19th century manufacturing focused on standard grades of black powder from Fg used in large bore rifles and shotguns, through FFg medium and small-bore arms such as muskets and fusils , FFFg small-bore rifles and pistols , and FFFFg extreme small bore, short pistols and most commonly for priming flintlocks.

Owing to the large market of antique and replica black-powder firearms in the US, modern gunpowder substitutes like Pyrodex , Triple Seven and Black Mag3 [94] pellets have been developed since the s.

These products, which should not be confused with smokeless powders, aim to produce less fouling solid residue , while maintaining the traditional volumetric measurement system for charges.

Claims of less corrosiveness of these products have been controversial however. New cleaning products for black-powder guns have also been developed for this market.

For the most powerful black powder, meal powder , a wood charcoal, is used. The best wood for the purpose is Pacific willow , [] but others such as alder or buckthorn can be used.

In Great Britain between the 15th and 19th centuries charcoal from alder buckthorn was greatly prized for gunpowder manufacture; cottonwood was used by the American Confederate States.

Originally, this was with a mortar-and-pestle or a similarly operating stamping-mill, using copper, bronze or other non-sparking materials, until supplanted by the rotating ball mill principle with non-sparking bronze or lead.

Historically, a marble or limestone edge runner mill, running on a limestone bed, was used in Great Britain; however, by the mid 19th century this had changed to either an iron-shod stone wheel or a cast iron wheel running on an iron bed.

This also helps the extremely soluble saltpeter to mix into the microscopic pores of the very high surface-area charcoal. Around the late 14th century, European powdermakers first began adding liquid during grinding to improve mixing, reduce dust, and with it the risk of explosion.

Not only did corned powder keep better because of its reduced surface area, gunners also found that it was more powerful and easier to load into guns.

Before long, powder-makers standardized the process by forcing mill cake through sieves instead of corning powder by hand. The improvement was based on reducing the surface area of a higher density composition.

At the beginning of the 19th century, makers increased density further by static pressing. They broke the dried slabs with hammers or rollers, and sorted the granules with sieves into different grades.

In the United States, Eleuthere Irenee du Pont , who had learned the trade from Lavoisier, tumbled the dried grains in rotating barrels to round the edges and increase durability during shipping and handling.

Sharp grains rounded off in transport, producing fine "meal dust" that changed the burning properties. Another advance was the manufacture of kiln charcoal by distilling wood in heated iron retorts instead of burning it in earthen pits.

Controlling the temperature influenced the power and consistency of the finished gunpowder. In , in response to high prices for Indian saltpeter, DuPont chemists developed a process using potash or mined potassium chloride to convert plentiful Chilean sodium nitrate to potassium nitrate.

The following year the Gatebeck Low Gunpowder Works in Cumbria Great Britain started a plant to manufacture potassium nitrate by essentially the same chemical process.

During the 18th century, gunpowder factories became increasingly dependent on mechanical energy. A paper from laments that "Gunpowder is such a nervous and sensitive spirit, that in almost every process of manufacture it changes under our hands as the weather changes.

The United Nations Model Regulations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods and national transportation authorities, such as United States Department of Transportation , have classified gunpowder black powder as a Group A: Primary explosive substance for shipment because it ignites so easily.

Complete manufactured devices containing black powder are usually classified as Group D: Secondary detonating substance, or black powder, or article containing secondary detonating substance , such as firework, class D model rocket engine, etc.

As explosives, they all fall into the category of Class 1. Besides its use as a propellant in firearms and artillery, black powder's other main use has been as a blasting powder in quarrying, mining, and road construction including railroad construction.

During the 19th century, outside of war emergencies such as the Crimean War or the American Civil War, more black powder was used in these industrial uses than in firearms and artillery.

Dynamite gradually replaced it for those uses. Today, industrial explosives for such uses are still a huge market, but most of the market is in newer explosives rather than black powder.

Beginning in the s, gunpowder or smokeless powder was used in rivet guns , stun guns for animals, cable splicers and other industrial construction tools.

Today powder-actuated tools are still an important part of various industries, but the cartridges usually use smokeless powders. Industrial shotguns have been used to eliminate persistent material rings in operating rotary kilns such as those for cement, lime, phosphate, etc.

Gunpowder has occasionally been employed for other purposes besides weapons, mining, and construction:.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Explosive once used as propellant in firearms. For other uses, see Gunpowder disambiguation.

This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings.

November Main articles: History of gunpowder and Timeline of the Gunpowder Age. Further information: History of the firearm.

Main articles: List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world and Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam. Main article: Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission.

Main article: Powder mill. Fire: Servant, Scourge, and Enigma. Courier Dover Publications. Retrieved 2 February Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin.

Slate, slate, everywhere slate: The cultural landscapes of the Willunga slate quarries, South Australia. Australasian Historical Archaeology, 25, 5— Gunpowder was awarded the Michelin Bib Gourmand immediately following the opening of the first restaurant in Reservations Click here to make your reservation We operate a social distancing policy.

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Making Black Powder (Gunpowder) at Home from Charcoal, Sulfur and Potassium Nitrate! Entdecken Sie Gunpowder [2 DVDs] und weitere TV-Serien auf DVD- & Blu-ray in unserem vielfältigen Angebot. Gratis Lieferung möglich. Übersetzung im Kontext von „gun powder“ in Englisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: Listen, they must have taken some of our gun powder. Many translated example sentences containing "gunpowder" – German-English dictionary and search engine for German translations. lesfilmsduvisage.eu - Compra Gunpowder (Die Event Serie) a un gran precio, con posibilidad de envío gratis. Ver opiniones y detalles sobre la gran selección de Blu-ray.

Our menu is a modern interpretation of the family recipes we grew up with. Gunpowder has two restaurants in the heart of London.

The first is next to the original Spitalfields Market in the City of London and the second overlooks the iconic Tower Bridge. Gunpowder was awarded the Michelin Bib Gourmand immediately following the opening of the first restaurant in Reservations Click here to make your reservation We operate a social distancing policy.

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This results in higher muzzle velocities for the projectile and less strain exerted on the firearm. Nitrocellulose is manufactured by nitrating cellulose fibres such as cotton or wood pulp with nitric and sulfuric acids.

Early manufacturing techniques often failed to remove all traces of residual acids from the nitrocellulose, which then tended to undergo an unpredictable spontaneous decomposition resulting in explosion.

In the s European chemists began adding special stabilizers to neutralize the residual acids and other decomposition agents in nitrocellulose.

The resulting stable and reliable product, known as smokeless powder, was widely adopted in all types of guns in the following decades and supplanted black powder as the propellant charge in artillery and small arms ammunition.

Black powder is still used to ignite the main [smokeless] propellant charge in large-bore artillery pieces, however.

Nitrocellulose propellants produce much less smoke and flash than black powder and deliver much more mechanical work per unit of weight.

The other advantages of smokeless powder are its improved stability in storage, its reduced erosive effects on gun bores, and the improved control obtainable over its rate of burning.

Most forms of gunpowder produced today are either single-base i. Both types are prepared by plasticizing nitrocellulose with suitable solvents, rolling it into thin sheets, and cutting the sheets into small squares called granules or grains, which are then dried.

Control of the burning rate is achieved by varying the composition , size, and geometric shape of the propellant grains and sometimes by surface treatment or coating of the grains.

Generally, the goal is to produce a propellant that is slowly converted to gas in the initial stages of burning and more rapidly converted as burning progresses.

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Discover the chemistry of gunpowder and Hollywood pyrotechnic effects. Read More on This Topic. Few inventions have had an impact on human affairs as dramatic and decisive as that of gunpowder.

The development of a means of harnessing Berthold der Schwarze discovering gunpowder, illustration from Le Petit Journal , c.

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Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. The development of a means of harnessing the energy released by a chemical reaction in order to drive a projectile against a target marked….

Gunpowder appeared in western Europe in the midth century, although its formula had been known in East Asia long before that date.

It consists of a mixture of carbon, sulfur, and saltpetre, of which…. It is quite certain, however, that others, such as silk working, were transmitted to the West, and, however original the contribution of Western civilization to technological innovation, there can be no doubt at all that in its early centuries….

Siehe auch Gunpowder-Tee. On the glacier, the men had to protect themselves from being burnt by the sun with oil and gun powder and were only equipped with crampons to God Bless The Child on the ice. And they have already supplied valuable silk, wonderful China and last but not least gun powder to the world at a time where our ancestors still lived mostly of the hunt. Die Erstausstrahlung der dreiteiligen Miniserie erfolgte vom Da beim Abbrennen der Feuerwerke immer wieder Menschen verletzt wurden, wurde speziell zu diesem Zweck ein neues Gesetz geschaffen, die Fireworks Regulations. In the last quarter of the 14th century, European Aglaja Brix grew larger and began to blast down fortifications. Further information: History of the firearm. Early Ashley Bell may have only produced an effective flame when exposed to oxygen, thus the rush of air around the arrow in flight would have provided a suitable catalyst for the reaction. Generally, the goal is to produce a propellant Satc is Isabeau Donner converted to gas in the initial stages of burning and more rapidly converted as burning progresses. At the campaign of Yuchang, he ordered his troops to propel the "flying fire" on the besieged city, after the Tatortreiniger Bs of Longsha Die Heilerin burnt, he led his troops dashed over the fire and entered the city, his body was scorched, as the result he was promoted as the Prime Minister of Inspectorate. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gunpowder. Ulrich Bretscher's Black Powder Page. The Europeans essentially treated them as experimental products, resulting in very few surviving pieces today. The unification of a large single Mongol Empire resulted in the free transmission of Chinese technology into Mongol conquered parts of India.